Hydrography & Monaco The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) is an intergovernmental organisation established in 1921 to promote cooperation among maritime nations in the field of hydrography and nautical charting. The IHO's main objective is to ensure that all the world's navigable waters are surveyed and charted to modern standards . The IHO is responsible for
High land Values Land reclamation is commonly undertaken around coastal cities such as Singapore and Hong Kong as land values are excessive thereby costs are justified by estate developers. What is not highlighted is that ocean water behaviours including tidal accumulation, sea level rise, connection to wetlands and aquatic biodiversity determine the success or failure
Coastal Barriers & Flooding at Thames Estuary Sophisticated Flood Barriers The development of the Thames Barrier ,which commenced in 1982, has protected UK since four decades and the astonishing part is that such an old technology maintains London as a global innovator against tidal and fluvial flooding.Whenever warnings are received of significant incoming tides mammoth
Reclamation in the South China Sea & Environmental Impact The South China Sea extends from a southwestern boundary along the parallel between Kalimantan and Sumatra northeast to a line drawn from the northern tip of Taiwan to the coast of Fukien, China. This semi enclosed marine area is bordered by China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau,
Mangroves, Carbon Sequestration, Harbor Infrastructure and Coastal Degradation Urbanization and Invasion of Mangroves Swamps The rapid increase in population and corresponding urbanization in coastal megacities has been accompanied by frenzied land reclamation driven mostly by anthropogenic factors . Mangroves are prevalent all over except Antarctica. Seaward land reclamation entails the formation of artificial land facade
Uneducated Reclamation Credit The Economic Times It may be astonishing for some to know that 44 of the 48 world’s large populated coastal cities are sinking at a rapid pace than the sea level is rising. Such sinking is attributed to groundwater pumping and sediment compacted soil from heavy building and large construction projects being
Destruction of Mangroves through Reclamation without acquiring Hydrographic study data damages the marine aquatic habitat of shrimps and endangered marine species drastically reducing fish stocks sometimes being the sole source of livelihood of fishing communities
