Hydrography & Monaco The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) is an intergovernmental organisation established in 1921 to promote cooperation among maritime nations in the field of hydrography and nautical charting. The IHO's main objective is to ensure that all the world's navigable waters are surveyed and charted to modern standards . The IHO is responsible for
Evolution of Maritime Law In the year 1648 the Treaty of Westphalia confirmed that complete authority and sovereignty over land by rulers would be recognised but no nation could exercise sovereignty over the oceans. Maritime law evolves from a focus on the regulation or prevention of naval warfare to a structure for secure, safe and
Economic & Commercial Maritime Energy Rivalry - Urals Oil Russia’s Urals oil is used as a reference brand for pricing of export oil mixture with the other main reference brand being Brent. It comprises a mix of heavy sour oil of Urals and the Volga Region blended with light oil of Western Siberia Urals crude
