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Flags of Convenience

IMO Identification The International Maritime Organization (IMO) members realised the requirement for establishing of a mechanism to enhance maritime safety, achieve pollution prevention and facilitate the prevention of maritime fraud.The IMO in the year 1987 adopted resolution A.600 (15) which became mandatory 1st January 1996 onwards. Every merchant ship which is self propelled and above

Undersea Cyber Battles

Significance of Undersea Optic Cables As low bandwidth and high latency of satellite data service was insufficient to cater to global telecommunication streams a phenomenal growth took place in digital global infrastructure comprising an intercontinental network of 400 undersea fiber-optic cable communications network which daily transmits approximately  $ 10 trillion worth of financial transactions data

Exclusive Economic Zones

UNCLOS and Rights of Coastal States The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) grants special rights to the coastal states with regards to exploration and use of marine resources including energy production ,in the area in its jurisdiction at times termed as exclusive economic zone (EEZ) . Economic Control of Waters

Indian Ocean Hydrocarbons Pakistan’s Energy Security

Part II UNCLOS and Economic Rights Coastal States The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) grants special rights to the coastal states with regards to exploration and use of marine resources, including energy production in the area in its jurisdiction at times termed as exclusive economic zone. Economic Control of Waters

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